备忘录模式

• 定义：在不破坏封装性的前提下，捕获一个对象的内部状态，并在该对象之外保存这个状态，这样以后就可将该对象恢复到原来保存的状态
• 基于嵌套类实现
  
• 基于中间接口实现
  
• 更严格实现
  

// 发起者：负责创建一个备忘录
class Originator {
    /**
     * For the sake of simplicity, the originator's state is stored inside a
     * single variable.
     */
    private state: string;

    constructor(state: string) {
        this.state = state;
        console.log(`Originator: My initial state is: ${state}`);
    }

    /**
     * The Originator's business logic may affect its internal state. Therefore,
     * the client should backup the state before launching methods of the
     * business logic via the save() method.
     */
    public doSomething(): void {
        console.log('Originator: I\'m doing something important.');
        this.state = this.generateRandomString(30);
        console.log(`Originator: and my state has changed to: ${this.state}`);
    }

    private generateRandomString(length: number = 10): string {
        const charSet = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';

        return Array
            .apply(null, { length })
            .map(() => charSet.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * charSet.length)))
            .join('');
    }

    /**
     * Saves the current state inside a memento.
     */
    public save(): Memento {
        return new ConcreteMemento(this.state);
    }

    /**
     * Restores the Originator's state from a memento object.
     */
    public restore(memento: Memento): void {
        this.state = memento.getState();
        console.log(`Originator: My state has changed to: ${this.state}`);
    }
}
// 备忘录定义
interface Memento {
    getState(): string;

    getName(): string;

    getDate(): string;
}
// 备忘录实现
class ConcreteMemento implements Memento {
    private state: string;

    private date: string;

    constructor(state: string) {
        this.state = state;
        this.date = new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 19).replace('T', ' ');
    }

    /**
     * The Originator uses this method when restoring its state.
     */
    public getState(): string {
        return this.state;
    }

    /**
     * The rest of the methods are used by the Caretaker to display metadata.
     */
    public getName(): string {
        return `${this.date} / (${this.state.substr(0, 9)}...)`;
    }

    public getDate(): string {
        return this.date;
    }
}
// 管理者
class Caretaker {
    private mementos: Memento[] = [];

    private originator: Originator;

    constructor(originator: Originator) {
        this.originator = originator;
    }

    public backup(): void {
        console.log('\nCaretaker: Saving Originator\'s state...');
        this.mementos.push(this.originator.save());
    }

    public undo(): void {
        if (!this.mementos.length) {
            return;
        }
        const memento = this.mementos.pop();

        console.log(`Caretaker: Restoring state to: ${memento.getName()}`);
        this.originator.restore(memento);
    }

    public showHistory(): void {
        console.log('Caretaker: Here\'s the list of mementos:');
        for (const memento of this.mementos) {
            console.log(memento.getName());
        }
    }
}
// 使用
const originator = new Originator('Super-duper-super-puper-super.');
const caretaker = new Caretaker(originator);

caretaker.backup();
originator.doSomething();

caretaker.backup();
originator.doSomething();

caretaker.backup();
originator.doSomething();

console.log('');
caretaker.showHistory();

console.log('\nClient: Now, let\'s rollback!\n');
caretaker.undo();

console.log('\nClient: Once more!\n');
caretaker.undo();

优缺点

• 优点
  • 可以创建快照
  • 可以简化代码
• 缺点
  • 如果保存频繁，将消耗大量内存
  • 动态语言不能保证备忘录中的状态不被修改